![]() The double fluorescence staining was used to evaluate the mineral apposition rate (MAR) at early stage and the MAR of the minTBP-1-IGF-1-TNTs group was the highest. The contact angle of the minTBP-1-IGF-1-TNTs group was the lowest, confirmed that the hydrophilicity was the highest. ELISA assay confirmed that more protein was adsorbed on TNTs surface. The atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that 500 nm nanotubes were formed by anodic oxidation and minTBP-1-IGF-1 could self-assemble into almost all nanotubes. ![]() There were four groups, the control group, the TNTs group, the minTBP-1-IGF-1 group, and the minTBP-1-IGF-1-TNTs group. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of TiO 2 nanotubes (TNTs) and self-assembled minTBP-1-IGF-1 on implant osseointegration in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Improvement of poor implant osseointegration under diabetes is always a poser in clinics.
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